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linux基础/linux-路由.html
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linux基础/linux-路由.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="tool" content="leanote-desktop-app">
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<title>linux 路由</title>
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<style>
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</style>
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<!-- 该css供自定义样式 -->
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<link href="../leanote-html.css" rel="stylesheet">
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="note-container">
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<h1 class="title" id="leanote-title">linux 路由</h1>
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<div class="content-html" id="leanote-content"><p><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p><p>1、使用route -n命令查看Linux内核路由表</p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511429088696_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow" data-mce-style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 14px; height: 21px;">$route -n</pre><p>说明:</p><p> Destination -- 目标网段或主机</p><p> Gateway -- 网关，*表示目标是本主机所属的网络，不需要路由</p><p> Genmask -- 掩码</p><p> Flags -- 标记</p><p> U:路由是活动的</p><p> H:目标是一个主机</p><p> G:路由指向网关</p><p> R:恢复动态路由产生的表项</p><p> D:由路由的后台程序动态地安装</p><p> M:由路由的后台程序修改</p><p> ！:拒绝路由</p><p> Metric -- 路由距离，到达指定网络需要的中转数</p><p> Ref -- 路由项应用次数</p><p> Use -- 此路由项被路由软件查找的次数</p><p> Iface -- 该路由表项对应的输出接口</p><p><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p><p>2、三种路由类型说明</p><p> a)主机路由</p><p> <strong>主机路由是路由选择表中指向单个IP地址或主机名的路由记录</strong>。主机路由的Flags字段为H。如下：</p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511429797876_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow" data-mce-style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 14px; height: 63px;">Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
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----------- ------- ------- ----- ------ --- --- -----
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10.0.0.10 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0</pre><p> b)网络路由</p><p> <strong>网络路由是代表主机可以到达的网络。网络路由的Flags字段为N。如下：</strong></p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511429942847_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow" data-mce-style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 14px; height: 63px;">Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
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----------- ------- ------- ----- ----- --- --- -----
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192.19.12 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 UN 0 0 0 eth0</pre><p> c)默认路由</p><p> <strong>当主机不能在路由表中查找到目标主机的IP地址或网络路由时，数据包就被发送到默认路由（默认网关）上</strong>。默认路由的Flags字段为G。如下：</p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511430048947_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow" data-mce-style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 14px; height: 63px;">Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
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----------- ------- ------- ----- ------ --- --- -----
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default 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0</pre><p>3、配置路由route的命令</p><p> 设置和查看路由表都可以用 route 命令，设置内核路由表的命令格式是：</p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511430126723_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow" data-mce-style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 14px; height: 21px;">route [add|del] [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [[dev] If]</pre><p>说明：<br> add 添加一条路由规则<br> del 删除一条路由规则<br> -net 目的地址是一个网络<br> -host 目的地址是一个主机<br> target 目的网络或主机<br> netmask 目的地址的网络掩码<br> gw 路由数据包通过的网关<br> dev 为路由指定的网络接口</p><p>4、route命令使用举例</p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511430206820_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow">添加到主机的路由
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# route add -host 192.168.1.2 dev eth0:0
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# route add -host 10.20.30.148 gw 10.20.30.40
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添加到网络的路由
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# route add -net 10.20.30.40 netmask 255.255.255.248 eth0
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# route add -net 10.20.30.48 netmask 255.255.255.248 gw 10.20.30.41
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# route add -net 192.168.1.0/24 eth1
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添加默认路由
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# route add default gw 192.168.1.1
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删除路由
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# route del -host 192.168.1.2 dev eth0:0
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# route del -host 10.20.30.148 gw 10.20.30.40
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# route del -net 10.20.30.40 netmask 255.255.255.248 eth0
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# route del -net 10.20.30.48 netmask 255.255.255.248 gw 10.20.30.41
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# route del -net 192.168.1.0/24 eth1
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# route del default gw 192.168.1.1 //route del default 删除所有的默认路由
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添加一条默认路由
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# route add default gw 10.0.0.1 //默认只在内存中生效
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开机自启动可以追加到/etc/rc.local文件里
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# echo "route add default gw 10.0.0.1" >>/etc/rc.local
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添加一条静态路由
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# route add -net 192.168.2.0/24 gw 192.168.2.254
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要永久生效的话要这样做：
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# echo "any net 192.168.2.0/24 gw 192.168.2.254" >>/etc/sysconfig/static-routes
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添加到一台主机的静态路由
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# route add -host 192.168.2.2 gw 192.168.2.254
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要永久生效的话要这样做：
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# echo "any host 192.168.2.2 gw 192.168.2.254 " >>/etc/sysconfig/static-routes
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注：Linux 默认没有这个文件 ，得手动创建一个</pre><p>5、设置包转发</p><p> 在Linux中默认的内核配置已经包含了路由功能，但默认并没有在系统启动时启用此功能；<br> 开启Linux的路由功能可以通过调整内核的网络参数来实现，方法如下：</p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511430268923_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow">临时开启路由功能：
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# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
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或者
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# sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
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永久开启路由功能
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# vim /etc/sysctl.conf
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net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
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# sysctl -p</pre><p>6、静态路由配置</p><p> 添加静态路由到路由表的语法如下：</p><pre id="leanote_ace_1511430328548_0" class="brush:sh ace-tomorrow">ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-hop_address] administrative_distance]</pre><p>说明：</p><p> ip route 用于创建静态路由的命令。<br> Destination_network 需要发布到路由表中的网段。<br> Mask 在这一网络上使用的子网掩码。<br> Next-hop_address 下一跳路由器的地址。<br> administrative_distance 默认时，静态路由有一个取值为1 的管理性距离。在这个命令的尾部添加管理权来修改这个默认值。</p><p><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p></div>
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</div>
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